Complex systems which are composed of many interacting entities can be represented, analyzed and better understood using a network representation, where the entities are represented by nodes and the interactions by links. In recent years it was realized that the topology of many real networks is very different from that of the classical graph theory. In particular, while classical graphs were assumed to be homogeneous with every node having a typical number of links (degree) real networks are usually heterogeneous (e.g., the Internet) with nodes having very different degrees. Shlomo Havlin discusses these developments as well as many recent applications, such as robustness, effective immunization strategies and optimal transport in real world networks.
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